Showing posts with label biography. Show all posts
Showing posts with label biography. Show all posts

Tuesday, December 17, 2024

Sarmiento and Patagonia

Sarmiento and Patagonia


The historian Luciana Sabina analyzes the controversy that involved Domingo Sarmiento regarding the Patagonian lands and Chile’s claims over them.
Luciana Sabina || Memo




Map of the Southern Cone from 1849

Exiled in Chile, Sarmiento paid close attention to the colonizing expedition that the country sent to the Magellan region in 1843, founding Fuerte Bulnes. By 1848, that settlement moved a few kilometers, taking the name Punta Arenas. The occupation was based on the legal principle of res nullius (of no one), universally accepted at that time, according to which any nation could take possession of inhospitable spaces. Like it or not, the entire Patagonian territory was considered an empty space, lands in indigenous hands that had never been conquered by the Spanish, and because of this, they did not belong to the Río de la Plata or to Chile. They would belong to the first to settle there.

It was only five years later that Rosas, through the Foreign Ministry, presented Chile with a formal protest, claiming Argentine rights over the area. As a result, on March 11, 1849, Sarmiento published a first article on the matter in his newspaper La Crónica, titled “The Magellan Question.” There, he defended the Chilean position. Being fair and objective, he pointed out that since 1585 no one had established occupation in the area; that the act of sovereignty by Chile had been repeatedly mentioned in the press and in presidential messages; despite which the Restorer [Rosas] did not express himself. Rosas, remaining silent for years, had consented to the trans-Andean advance and was claiming something without showing titles or precedents of ownership. Furthermore, Sarmiento added, Rosas was concerned with claiming territories abroad while the heart of Argentina was a land of indigenous raids and uprisings. Consequently, he recommended the Restorer take care of populating the Chaco, Río Negro, and interprovincial borders. In other words, he reminded the government of Buenos Aires that it could not handle what it had and wanted more, only to leave it in complete neglect.



At the time, France and England—in the midst of imperialist expansion—saw Hispanic America as a set of young nations suffering the vicissitudes inherent to all infancy, and they attempted to establish themselves in the area. British, French, North American, and German maps of the time show Patagonia as res nullius, with which they could have easily occupied it. It was urgent to establish oneself in the area, and Chile was the only country with some political stability and in conditions to do so. The occupation of the mouth of the strait was surprising to the Europeans and had a deterrent effect. All of Patagonia could have met the same fate as the Falklands.

In response to Sarmiento’s publication, Rosas had a newspaper founded in Mendoza: La Ilustración Argentina. Under the direction of Bernardo de Irigoyen, he was the first to refer to Sarmiento as a “traitor.” Though for the Rosistas, anyone who thought differently was a “traitor to the homeland.”

The Restorer ended up submitting a request to extradite the man from San Juan, stating that Chile could not continue sheltering him because he disturbed the peace between the two nations, thereby violating the right of asylum. The trans-Andean authorities did not entertain the request, arguing that freedom of the press existed there.

Rosas was never able to demonstrate that the area belonged to us because, in fact, it does not belong to us. But the matter did not end there.

Three decades later, during Sarmiento’s presidency, the Chileans experienced a certain imperialist fever and claimed rights based on laughable grounds over Argentine Patagonia. To this end, they cited articles in the Chilean press from the past, in which Don Domingo had spilled his ink and ingenuity. The situation was complex for the man from San Juan: the Paraguayan War had not yet concluded, and the opposition—taking advantage of the moment—sought to tear him apart. The word “traitor” once again lashed at the colossus from Cuyo.

He then sought to demonstrate that he had never written in favor of Chilean sovereignty over our land. For this, he tasked Félix Frías—ambassador in Chile—with carefully reviewing the questioned articles. The seasoned diplomat concluded that, indeed, there was no comment referring to Patagonia. In all of them, Sarmiento referred to Chilean rights over the specific area of the Strait of Magellan. Despite this, many still consider him a traitor who wanted to give away the south.

Tuesday, December 10, 2024

Biography: Captain Héctor Sánchez, the destroyer of Bahía Agradable

Captain Hector “Pipi” Sanchez (AAF)

By Hernan Longoni in Historia de Aviones




1) When did he graduate from the EAM (Military Aviation School)?
December 1975.

2) What reasons led him to join the Aviation School?
He had no idea that the EAM existed, nor what the Air Force was. When my desk mate in 5th year at the Urquiza National School in San Nicolás told me that he was going to join the EAM, I asked him to explain everything related to the Air Force. Since there was the possibility of becoming a military aviator, that fact led me to decide to register to join the Institution. I made this decision almost at the end of the year, so I had to make a great effort to prepare myself to take the exams, with the help of my friend, who had already been preparing for quite some time. Later, Orlando Pons and I would graduate as Ensigns, being classmates of Class XVI.

3) What did you feel when you graduated from it?
Primarily great emotion and relief for the effort that my parents had to make to finance my studies. From that moment on, I had a salary that allowed me to support myself by my own means, without being a burden on my family. Regarding the future, everything was uncertainty and big questions. Would I be able to meet the expectations that the organization placed on me? Would I be able to fulfill my dream/vocation of becoming a military pilot? Would I be able to fly combat aircraft after achieving the goal of overcoming the demands of basic training as an aviator? I was always very aware that, above all, one was a soldier first, and then came the next goal of becoming a Military Aviator. But what decision would I have made if I had not become a pilot, and above all, a fighter pilot?

4) What rank and age did you have when the Malvinas Conflict broke out?
In 1982, I was a 1st Lieutenant in the second year (it takes 4 years in the rank to be promoted to Captain), and I was 28 years old.




5) What position and role did you have?
When the recovery of the Islands occurred, I was undergoing the adaptation course to fly Mirage III aircraft at the VIII Air Brigade. I had not completed more than 5 flights in two-seater aircraft, so I was not qualified to intervene in the conflict with these aircraft. Thanks to Captain Varela, one of the Flight Leaders of the A4-B Squadrons, and at my request, I was called to join as an attaché to the II Air Squadron to fly in the Weapons System.

6) What were the most pressing needs during the conflict from the perspective of your position?
Having accurate information on the position of naval targets, ensuring that all aircraft had the OMEGA navigation system, having the appropriate weaponry to attack naval targets, obtaining proper intelligence information on the positions of British troops after the landing, having a landing strip in the Malvinas suitable for our aircraft, and being allowed to operate from Puerto Argentino despite the risks involved, etc.
It is important to note that the primary responsibility of the Air Force is to train and equip (including weaponry) for air and air-land battles. On the other hand, the primary responsibility of the Navy is to be prepared for air-naval battles, which is why they had weaponry suited to the conflict they faced. For the above reasons, all Air Force Squadrons during the conflict had to adapt to a battle that was not their primary responsibility. The most important thing to keep in mind is that they had never trained in tactics to attack naval targets (ships), nor did they have the appropriate weaponry to attack those targets. All knowledge had to be acquired during the conflict, based on the experiences learned from each mission that was carried out.

7) Who or what was your source of confidence during the conflict?
The training and preparation I had flying the A4s, our Flight Leaders (Tony Zelaya and Trucha Varela, two idols), my Squadron Leaders, those of us who formed a combat formation every time we flew a real mission, the camaraderie and companionship that developed within the group, the Argentine people who supported the conflict to recover our Islands, and, of course, everything was ultimately in the hands of God, for the fate of my life during my engagement with the British.

8) What did your loved ones say regarding the risk?
At that time, there were no cell phones, emails, or the means of communication we have today. Everything was done by telephone, and even that was limited to those who had a phone line installed in their homes. My mother always believed I was in Buenos Aires during the development of the conflict, thanks to the collaboration of the rest of the family who maintained my deception to avoid causing her distress (my father had passed away in 1976). My family was far away and had no military background, so for them, the concept of the risk associated with military activity was difficult to grasp.

9) What do you feel about the performance of your weapons system during the conflict?
I feel proud to have been able to participate in the conflict with such an incredible human group that came together. Everyone was included: the "Gordo" Romero (the Group's doctor), pilots, technical support staff, logistics personnel, etc. Everyone was part of a perfectly functioning team where each specialty contributed its grain of sand to ensure we could fulfill the assigned missions.
In particular, the air squadrons were very united; we knew the risks we were taking and enjoyed every minute we had available when we were not engaged in aerial operations. Each of us contributed goodwill and a sense of humor to always keep the group's spirit high.
When it was time for aerial missions, we always volunteered to go on them. With my dear friend Tucu Cervera, we even argued at times to be part of certain missions.
The Air Squadrons were a perfect combat machine that, despite the old nature of the aircraft, demonstrated to the world what can be achieved with training, ingenuity, effort, sacrifice, and a will to fight.

10) Is there a specific aircraft you flew during the conflict that holds a special memory for you?
Fundamentally, the A4-B with registration number C-231, as it was the aircraft that brought me back on June 8th after surviving the attack of two Sea Harriers in Bahia Agradable.

11) Before or after the conflict, did you ever fly a mission that pushed the limits of your aircraft's capabilities?
During our preparation and training in peacetime, we always conducted long-duration navigation flights. This is part of the training for combat pilots in the Air Force, as our potential targets to attack are always located in the heart of enemy territory (runways, command and control centers, enemy power centers, logistics bases, etc.).
I have several examples of these training flights we carried out (some of them with training ammunition, as we ended the navigation flights with shooting practice in designated areas).
One of the flights I remember was from Villa Reynolds (the natural base for A4-Bs in San Luis) to the Iguazú Falls, air refueling with the C-130s, and returning via a different route to the 5th Air Brigade (Villa Reynolds).
On another occasion, we took off at night with Tucu Cervera (before dawn) from Río Gallegos (where we were deployed to train for operations in the southern part of the national territory), flew at low altitude during the night, carried out a simulated night attack on the Comodoro Rivadavia Air Base, and returned to Río Gallegos. The entire final phase of the approach and attack on Comodoro Rivadavia was carried out with the aircraft's external lights turned off.





12) Did you ever have a mission where you couldn't reach the target? What did you feel?
On June 7, 1982, we set out on a mission to attack naval targets southeast of Gran Malvina Island with Danilo Bolzan as the leader, "Conejo" Dubourg (our Squadron Leader) as Number 2, and myself as Number 3. Unfortunately, despite flying over the area, we were unable to locate any ships, so we had to return to Río Gallegos. The feeling is mixed; on one hand, there is the risk and fear that comes with the aerial formation remaining in the combat zone searching for the enemy (due to the possibility of being detected and intercepted by Sea Harriers). On the other hand, there is the frustration of not being able to locate the targets to neutralize them. Every target that was not attacked or found at the time represented an enormous risk for future attack formations heading into the conflict zone.

13) What is your relationship with your veteran comrades today?
There is a great friendship reflected in the permanent gatherings we organize to share a meal and remember the harrowing days we lived through during the conflict. Of course, our fallen friends and comrades are always present with us, remembered with affection and especially for the human qualities that characterized them. What always stands out during our gatherings is maintaining the same spirit we had during the conflict. Through jokes, songs, and good humor, we avoid dwelling on the risks we faced during those days.

14) When — if it is the case — did the war end for you?
The war still hasn't ended for me; we only lost a battle. None of the members of our group ever surrendered — we were simply ordered to suspend aerial operations. We still had the equipment and crew members to continue fighting despite the losses we had suffered up to that point (9 pilots). Today, the war must continue, even if it is through other means (for example, diplomacy or politics). The strategic objective must never be abandoned.

15) Did you have a mission assigned to be carried out after June 14, 1982, and were you surprised by the surrender?
Aerial missions were suspended on June 14. The surrender in the Islands did not personally surprise me; after the British landing at San Carlos Bay and their advance toward Puerto Argentino, without facing resistance with the available means, the outcome that occurred was foreseeable. Airpower alone is insufficient to stop a landing or the advance of ground forces.

16) Did the war end for you?
The conflict did not end, and it remains a part of my life that has not been fully closed. What's more, even today, we must fight against the forgetfulness of our blessed people regarding the noble cause that was undertaken to recover our Malvinas. I don't want to be simplistic or generalize, as there are always exceptions to the rule. It is sad to see today how divided we are in every area we observe: those who fought and those who did not; the professionals versus the conscripts; those who receive a pension and those who do not. It is truly painful to see the neglect of the effort made by those who gave their lives in combat. At the time, everyone volunteered to fight for their country, without expecting any medals, recognition, or economic compensation. It seems that today, our leaders "buy" or satisfy us with handouts, whether we are poor, war veterans (VGM), or friends of those in power. An example to follow is the one being set by the Japanese people in the face of the difficult times they are going through after the natural disasters they have had to endure. Only national unity will eventually allow us to achieve our strategic objectives, be it the Malvinas, progress and growth, stability, etc. But for that to happen, our people (including their leaders) must set aside personal and sectoral interests.

 
17) Did you go to the islands (landing) during the conflict? Under what circumstances?
No.

18) Did you go to the islands after the conflict? Why? (in case of a yes or no answer)
I haven't gone yet, but I plan to visit at some point. I would like to visit the places where I fought alongside my comrades during the conflict. Stepping on the soil of the Malvinas, even if it is not under our administration, might allow me to shed the "backpack" I have been carrying on my shoulders since the end of the conflict.

Saturday, December 7, 2024

San Martín: Tactical Genius in Crossing the Mountain Range

San Martin's genius in facing the mountain range

Revista Cumbres
Special collaboration: Esteban Ocampo


On the bicentennial of the impressive crossing of the Andes led by the great American strategist, a review of the planning and logistics devised to overcome the great obstacle.

 

The immensity of the mountain range was the obstacle to overcome.

Last February marked the 200th anniversary of the Crossing of the Andes, which General José de San Martín de Mendoza led to Chile in 1817 with the Liberation Army, in order to fight the royalists in their search for continental independence as part of his Strategic Plan.

The campaign has been highlighted on numerous occasions as one of the most intrepid, bold and strategically brilliant feats of all time.

Aside from the strictly military aspect and its political connotations of the time, it is worth highlighting logistical and planning aspects, strategies that San Martín devised to first battle the immense mountain range in the real conditions of 2 centuries ago.

“Much emphasis is placed on the crossing and the end with the battle of Chacabuco, but we must speak of the crossing as a military campaign, something specifically prepared whose consequence was the liberation of Chile. "Only in this way can the genius of a certain José de San Martín be contemplated" explains historian Esteban Ocampo, one of the members of the campaign who recreated the crossing this year, faithfully respecting the conditions of the time. (See separate)

Six columns

San Martín designed the campaign dividing the Army into six columns on a front of 800 km from the south of La Rioja to the south of Mendoza, where the southernmost group crossed.

Two of these passes were main ones through which the bulk of the Army of 2,500 men circulated. The other passes were auxiliary ones with columns that were not very numerous and with the intention of distracting and dispersing the enemy forces in specific missions -already in Chile- so that they would not have all their power at their disposal in the battle of Chacabuco.

A main column advanced along the Uspallata route under the orders of Colonel Gregorio de Las Heras together with the artillery under the command of Fray Luis Beltrán. The pass, accessible and low, was very used for trade at the time.

The other important column went through San Juan, the Los Patos route through Valle Hermoso which was divided into Ojo de Agua and Paso de Ortiz, where part of the advance party passed, and the Yaretas pass, where San Martín actually crossed.

The secondary routes were Comecaballos in La Rioja with Lt. Col. Zelada; Guana, north of San Juan under orders of Lt. Col. Cabot; Portillo-Piuquenes, through the Tunuyán valley from the Fort of San Carlos under the orders of Captain Lemos; and Planchón, south of Mendoza through the area of ​​the Peteroa volcano in charge of Lt. Col. Freyre.

 

One of the many rivers they had to wade through in the Andean campaign.

Clothing

The traditional uniforms were made of a very particular cotton cloth, a type of fabric that was thermal enough to not be too hot in summer but was warm enough in winter. Under the jacket they wore a high-necked shirt and the officers also wore a vest.

In the case of the Grenadier Regiment they received short red jackets made of sheepskin called “pellizas” that they wore as a coat over the jacket. They also wore black cloth trousers with leather reinforcement. Most of the soldiers wore Cuyo ponchos and cloth cloaks with a warm inner lining.

The trousers had a leather reinforcement to prevent wear from rubbing against the saddle in the case of the riders and on the cuff to protect the clothing from damage from the stirrups.

To keep their feet warm, each soldier used “tamangos,” a kind of sheepskin covering that was placed over their shoes, which were usually made of leather with buckles. In the case of the Infantry, they called a boot a short, mid-calf or even knee-high gaiter that went over the shoes.

For their hands they wore cloth gloves, for their heads they covered the back of their necks and ears with scarves, and on top of that they wore a “head cover,” a cap or hat, a kind of beret that they wore during training in the barracks. In other units they wore caps with sleeves that fell to one of the shoulders.

The regiments wore three uniforms: the barracks uniform, the campaign or combat uniform, and the parade or gala uniform, the latter being the most striking. The one used for crossing was the combat uniform.

At night, very simple reinforced cloth tents were set up in less than 3 minutes. They had four poles and two guy lines, one in front and one behind. Each tent accommodated 2 to 3 soldiers and they used individual saddles, fleeces and blankets as beds, and even the saddle served as a pillow. They covered themselves with the same coat as each other.

 
San Martín's first great challenge was to overcome nature.

Food

As the main food to face the crossing of the high peaks, each soldier carried a piece of charqui that they ground and cooked quickly in a kind of Valdivian broth with lots of onion and garlic for altitude sickness. They were meals in the style of carbonada or succulent stew that provided a significant amount of protein with the simplicity of preparing it in a few minutes to immediately recover strength.

The Army also carried 700 cattle on the hoof that they slaughtered as the columns advanced. Thus, fresh meat was available as a roast or stew.

Bread, flour biscuits, vegetables, nuts and a daily ration of liquor completed the diet to avoid the effects of altitude and cold, since that was what the campaign's food plan was about, which also resulted in simple and quick food to prepare.

Logistics

Each column on its march itinerary had a detailed description of each day: the points they had to join, the length in leagues, the availability of water, grass and firewood, the type of terrain and forest. This information was useful for the guides to regulate the march and thus reach the planned points.

The instructions began with the following text: “You will advance according to prudence, your experience and the intelligence you have to comply with these orders.”

Communications through messengers were also very important. It is known that San Martín sent constant messages to Las Heras to speed up or slow down the march depending on the tactics. In the diary of Bernardo O’Higgins, the vanguard of the Los Patos route, these communications are recorded, which he sent to San Martín in the rearguard.

The central concept of the plan to cross the Andes was to minimize any problem, error or imponderable when facing the mountain. In 1816, the Great General confessed in a letter to Tomás Guido that what kept him awake at night was not the opposition, what the enemy might be preparing on the other side, but being able to cross this mountain range with 5,000 men and then give battle.

The precise and coordinated arrival of the columns on February 8, 1817, to Santa Rosa de los Andes was the result of precision in communications and efficiency in planning. This made the achievement possible and led to the military triumph of Chacabuco. Crossing the mountain range having fulfilled the objectives designed was half the battle won.

 

The group that designed and carried out a historical recreation of the San Martin crossing.

A faithful recreation

A group of people who make up the Historical Cavalry Squadron crossed the Andes last February, emulating and paying homage to the liberating feat and in exactly the same conditions as the Army formed and led by General José de San Martín in 1817 did 200 years ago.

Without any technological aid, dressed in the same clothing and sleeping in period tents, on February 3, 2017 (what a date) six “reenactors,” a cameraman, and three guides who traveled through the Argentine side took the initial step from the San Juan town of Tamberías to realize a dream and a feat that they have been planning since the end of 2015.

The preparation included a lot of personal training, constant medical checkups, horseback riding practice, all to be able to face eight to ten hours of mounted marching every day at altitudes above 3,500 meters.

They used clothes made with the same fabrics used in the San Martin Army, the same tents, blankets, utensils such as lanterns, candles, sabers, all derived from a deep historical investigation to reproduce the feat faithfully.

The saddles served as beds at night, and the same poncho as a coat was a blanket to try to sleep in the middle of the relentless cold of the mountain range.

Pablo Zamprogno, Esteban Ocampo and his son Martín (10), Javier Madariaga, Guadalupe Strada and Daniel Gwaszdac are the members of the Reenactors Group of the Historical Cavalry Squadron. The itinerary was approximately the one taken by the column led by Lt. Col. Juan Manuel Cabot in 1817, through the North of the province of San Juan known as Guana Pass. After six days of travel through La Vega Grande, Los Azules, Los Esteros de la Mula and La Cuesta, they arrived at “Paso del Gordito” where Chilean authorities from Monte Patria and Ovalle welcomed them to cross the border. Then came Las Ramadas, Tulahuen, Huana, Monte Patria, Ovalle, Barraza and finally Coquimbo and La Serena, the final objective of the great enterprise, always received by the towns with great joy and emotional recognition.

The objective of the initiative was to experience the crossing of the Andes as San Martin's soldiers experienced it 200 years ago. The result, in the evaluation made by its protagonists, was highly satisfactory and a reason for greater admiration for those men who accompanied the Liberator in 1817.

Wednesday, November 6, 2024

Biography: Lieutenant Colonel Cruz Cañete (1815-1868)

Lieutenant Colonel Cruz Cañete (1815-1868)




Lieutenant Colonel Cruz Cañete (1815-1868)

He was born in Buenos Aires in 1815, the son of Mariano Cañete and Leonor Peñalva, both from Buenos Aires. He entered military service in June 1835 as a soldier in the 4th Campaign Regiment’s Line Squadron.

In 1837, as a standard-bearer (a rank he achieved in 1836), he participated in a battle against Chilean Indigenous groups who had attacked friendly chiefs Llanqueleu and Francisco. That same year, he fought against the same forces under Lieutenant Colonel Quesada, and later in the Battle of Loreto on December 22, 1838, against a large contingent of Chilean and Ranquel Indigenous fighters, directly under Colonel Hilario Lagos as a cavalry lieutenant. In 1842, he was severely wounded in another action against Indigenous groups, under Captain Seguí’s command.

He continued his service at Fort Junín until 1844 as a lieutenant, then transferred to San Nicolás under Colonel Juan José Obligado’s command, where he remained until June 12, 1845. He subsequently served under General Lucio Norberto Mansilla and participated in the Battles of Vuelta de Obligado (November 20, 1845) and Quebracho (June 4, 1846) against Anglo-French naval forces, commanding a squadron he had personally trained. Mansilla, in a report dated November 15, 1860, described Cañete as “a disciplined, exemplary officer, devoted to his duties.”

He was promoted to captain in 1848 and major in November 1851. That same year, with his squadron, he joined a division that General Mansilla assigned to Colonel Julián Sosa, under whom Cañete fought in the Battle of Caseros. Mansilla had assigned command due to an illness requiring his return to Buenos Aires.

When Colonel Hilario Lagos rebelled against the Buenos Aires government on December 1, 1852, Major Cañete was stationed in San Nicolás, where Colonel José María Cortina, acting under Lagos’s command, enlisted him to help disarm groups moving towards San Nicolás after the disbandment of the Buenos Aires besieging army on July 13, 1853, maintaining order “with honor, activity, and patriotism” (Cortina’s report, November 20, 1860).

In November 1854, during the Buenos Aires invasion led by enemies from the province of Santa Fe and commanded by General Jerónimo Costa, Cañete, then a retired major, offered his services to Lieutenant Colonel Mariano Artayeta, the local military commander. Artayeta accepted, tasking him with organizing local cavalry forces, which he did successfully, leading 50 cavalrymen in capturing the defeated forces from El Tala and performing other missions, gaining the Superior Government’s recognition.

In January 1856, he accompanied Colonel Esteban García, commanding the first skirmishes against the invading forces of Generals Flores and Costa at Ensenada and Villamayor, where Costa was defeated and executed. As part of the Extramuros Regiment under Colonel García, he fought in the Battle of Cepeda, leading a squadron. After the dispersion of Buenos Aires cavalry, Cañete reached Morón, then returned to the capital and participated in the brief siege until the treaty of November 11. In a report dated December 17, 1860, Colonel García praised Cañete’s conduct: “I have nothing but respect for his morality, skill, and dedication to service.”

He participated in the Battle of Pavón and joined the "General San Martín" Regiment under Colonel García when the Paraguayan War began, taking part in the battles of Yatay, Uruguayana, Paso de la Patria, Itapirú, Estero Bellaco del Sud, Tuyutí, Yataytí-Corá, Boquerón, Sauce, and the cavalry demonstration at San Solano on September 22, 1866.

Promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel, he received full rank on May 8, 1868. However, he was forced to return to Buenos Aires due to severe dysentery. Complications from “malaria” led to Lieutenant Colonel Cruz Cañete’s death in the capital on July 28, 1868, at 53.

On January 18, 1858, he married Rosario Rodríguez, a widow from Buenos Aires, daughter of Colonel Ramón Rodríguez and Concepción Lahite. She passed away in 1894.

Sources


Efemérides – Patricios de Vuelta de Obligado.

www.revisionistas.com.ar

Yaben, Jacinto R. – Biografías argentinas y sudamericanas – Buenos Aires (1938).

Friday, August 23, 2024

Biography: Second Corporal Julio Omar Benitez (Argentine Naval Prefecture)

Second Corporal Julio Omar Benitez



He was born on January 22, 1962 in Basavilbaso, Entre Ríos province. He was discharged as a First Class Sailor on February 1, 1979, and was assigned to the "Martín Jacobo Thompson" Petty Officers School in the city of Zárate, Buenos Aires province, from which he graduated in December 1980 as Second Corporal of the Navigation Ladder.
He took various courses specific to his training, such as the one he took in 1981 on "Damage and Fire Control." That same year he passed the courses on the "12.7-millimeter caliber Browning machine gun" and the "20-millimeter caliber Oerlikon cannon."




Between July 1981 and January 1982, he served as a machinist in the Patrol Division of the Directorate of Zone Prefectures, joining the crew of the Coast Guard PNA GC-83 "Río Iguazú," which actively participated in the Malvinas Islands Theater of Operations.

On May 22, the "Río Iguazú" set sail early, bound for Puerto Darwin, transporting personnel and material from the Argentine Army. At 8:25 a.m., it came under attack by two Sea Harrier aircraft from Squadron 800, part of a Combat Air Patrol (PAC). The Coast Guard GC-83 defended itself using its 12.7 mm Browning machine guns, managing to shoot down one of the enemy aircraft. During the attack, Corporal Julio Omar Benítez, operating one of the machine guns, was killed. Chief Officer Gabino González, Third Assistant Juan José Baccaro, and Corporal Carlos Bengochea were also wounded. Corporal José Raúl Ibáñez took over Benítez's position, repelling the attack and downing one of the aircraft.

Due to severe hull damage and water ingress, the ship was grounded on an island, 13 miles east of Puerto Darwin. Anticipating further attacks, the order was given to abandon the "Río Iguazú," rendering it practically unusable. All personnel were evacuated by Argentine Air Force helicopters to Puerto Darwin. On May 24, at 6 p.m., Corporal Benítez was buried with full military honors. Senior personnel from the Army, Air Force, and the "Río Iguazú" crew attended the ceremony. The cannons, communications equipment, and military supplies were recovered and transported by air to Darwin, fulfilling the original mission of transporting support weapons crucial in the battle of Goose Green.

This action is considered the First Air-Naval Combat in Argentine History. Corporal Benítez was posthumously awarded the medal "The Argentine Nation for Heroic Valor in Combat" and promoted to First Corporal on May 24, 1982. He is buried in the Darwin Cemetery in the Malvinas.




Second Corporal José Raúl Ibáñez, a crew member of the patrol boat "Río Iguazú," demonstrated remarkable heroism and courage during an air attack by two enemy Harrier fighters. Despite the overwhelming superiority of the enemy in terms of armament and firepower, Corporal Ibáñez did not hesitate to act. When the machine gun operator was incapacitated, he took the initiative to man the machine gun himself. With this light weapon, ill-suited for combating aircraft, he managed to seriously damage one of the enemy planes, compelling the British air patrol to withdraw.

In recognition of his bravery and decisive action, Corporal Ibáñez was awarded the "Argentine Nation Medal for Heroic Valor in Combat" under Law 22,607 (1982) and its subsequent amendments.

Friday, June 21, 2024

Biography: Admiral Manuel Domecq García

From war orphan to admiral

MANUEL DOMECQ GARCÍA

By Luis Verón



Next Wednesday marks another anniversary of the battle of Acosta Ñú, during which hundreds of children were massacred in an unequal skirmish. Others survived, and there was no shortage of those who became president of the Republic of Paraguay, such as the case of Emilio Aceval. Today we will remember another survivor of the War against the Triple Alliance who, over the years, became a great personality in Argentine political life, Admiral Manuel Domecq García.


"I was then nine years old. Hundreds of hungry and scattered creatures arrived from the countryside to the capital, following the pilgrims who returned from the deserts, lost for multiple reasons, from our families or guardians, tracking them uselessly. And frightened by the who stole children in the city, those of us who could escape these persecutions fled back into the interior, wandering until we found some pious person in the nearby towns, which had been abandoned and were beginning to be populated again.

"This hunt for minors had lasted from 1869 to 1870, or until later. I went back to the town of Capiatá, taking refuge in a woman from the Mongelós family, until one of my only sisters returned from Cerro Corá, and had to pick me up. with me in the capital. My male brothers all succumbed. The incident that I have described cannot be considered an isolated case, because it was carried out systematically, since the Argentine soldiers themselves went out to walk the streets, looking for small wanderers, or the children of the same neighbors, who had returned to occupy their houses, to later distribute them, as gifts, to their relatives, as living trophies or as "captives." I have had the opportunity to meet many of these unfortunate people, both in the community. capital of Argentina, as in the towns of the provinces, before and after I remained in the army of that country.

This dramatic story was told by Bartolomé Yegros, a child survivor of the War against the Triple Alliance. Theirs was one of the many tragedies experienced by Paraguayan society in the final days of the international conflict that bloodied South America between 1865 and 1870.

Children of war

History gives us several names of children who were kidnapped and taken to neighboring countries, such as the cases of Ramón Grance, Mateo Rivas, José Cantero or Manuel Domecq García. Others were lost in the black pages of the past, as not only were they kidnapped but their own identities were stolen.

Survivors report that a few days after Asunción was taken by the allied forces, in addition to the furniture, jewelry and other looted objects, hundreds of ragged and starving children who had been kidnapped by the soldiers and carried downstream by members of the invading armies, in the midst of dramatic scenes on the part of their relatives, unable to avoid such dispossession, since strong cordons of soldiers did not allow relatives and acquaintances to approach to say goodbye to the unfortunate ones.

The case of the boy Manuel Domecq García is quite curious, because, over time, he became a notable and highly respected personality in Argentine society. He was born in the town of Tobatí on June 12, 1859 and, at just six years old, he was swept up in the maelstrom of war. His father, Tomás Domecq, a military doctor, lost his life in the siege of Humaitá, in 1868, and his mother, Mrs. Eugenia García Ramos de Domecq, would have died in the battle of Piribebuy on August 12, 1869 or due to hardships. following the Paraguayan army as a resident.

Rescued from the jaws of slavery

With the allied forces, numerous families arrived in the country that, until then, lived in exile, such as the case of the Decoud Domecq family, made up of Don Juan Francisco Decoud, second chief of the Paraguayan Legion, and his wife, Doña Concepción Domecq de Decoud, both parents of important protagonists of the national resurrection, such as Don José Segundo Decoud Domecq, journalist, conventional of 1870, minister of state and main ideologue of the National Republican Association, a political party founded in 1887. His brothers Juan José, Adolfo, Diógenes and Héctor Francisco Decoud Domecq stood out in various activities, including literature and journalism, being the founders of the first independent newspaper that the country knew.

According to a report provided by Mrs. Concepción Domecq de Decoud herself, to Dr. Estanislao S. Zeballos, the child Manuel Domecq García had been picked up by soldiers of the Brazilian occupation forces. "After the families returned to Asunción," says Dr. Zeballos, "one night when a meal was being held at the house of Mr. Decoud (Juan Francisco) to rejoice at the family reunion, some Brazilians knocked on the door. He came out. young José Segundo to inquire about the purpose of the visit, and they said that they wanted to speak with the lady.”

When Doña Concepción showed up, with two of her children, the following dialogue took place: "You are looking for a nephew, ma'am; we have one." "Bring him, then." "You need to pay us for the service" "Bring it, I will give you a pound sterling (a high figure at the time)."

The Brazilians refused to hand over the child for that sum and it was only after several minutes of bidding that the handover was agreed upon, when Mrs. Decoud offered to hand over eight pounds sterling for the ransom of the child, who was hidden in a tent in the Brazilian camp.



New loss

In the absence of the parents of the boy Manuel Tomás Domecq García and his sister Eugenia, about five years old, also rescued by her uncles, and given the climate of desolation that existed in Asunción, the children were sent to Argentina to be raised by a maternal uncle, Don Manuel García Ramos, a strong rancher of the time. At one point during the long trip to Argentina, little Manuel Domecq got lost, to the desperation of the person in charge of the children. All efforts to find him were unsuccessful, they continued their journey to Buenos Aires and informed Don Manuel García Ramos of the child's disappearance.

Faced with this situation, Don Manuel resorted to every resource available to him to recover his nephew... He appealed to many friends, both in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. He even managed to get the authorities to issue a notice that said: "Circular. Addressed to several Chiefs and Officers of the Allied Army in operations in Paraguay and other people residing in the same country, asking for news of the child Manuel Domecq who has gone missing.

We ask anyone into whose hands this form reaches, if they have any news about the whereabouts of the ten-year-old boy Manuel Domecq, white, black eyes, black hair; Please be kind enough to transmit it to the Argentine Commissioner in Asunción, Colonel D. Pedro José Agüero, directly if possible and if not to the most immediate superior, who is also requested to forward the news to said Colonel.

This child came with the lady in whose care he was, among a group of families that were collected by the allied forces last August. During the walk to the railway station the boy got tired or became ill and a Brazilian officer took him on the back of his horse and in the confusion he got lost, not being able to find him until now.

"The family that is devastated by the loss of this child will deeply thank and gratify the person who provides them with information about his whereabouts. "In Buenos Aires you can think of Peru Street on the corner of Rivadavia." This group was distributed everywhere, but, luckily, it had an effect and, after four months of agonizing waiting, the boy Manuel Tomas Domecq García was able to reunite with his uncle's family.

What happened to the child, the time he was missing again? When he was traveling to meet his uncle Manuel García Ramos, with the unconsciousness of his age, the boy decided to climb on the back of a Brazilian officer's horse, who took him to Brazil, where he was picked up by Marshal Luis Alves de Lima e Silva. , Duke of Caxías, who became so fond of him that he wanted to adopt him. Luckily, his relatives located him and his uncle traveled to Brazil to rescue him.

In Buenos Aires, the boy Manuel and his sister Eugenia went to live in the house of a sister of his mother, Mrs. Demofila García Ramos de Lanús.

Manuel the sailor

In 1873 the Argentine Naval School was founded, which operated on the ship General Brown. Called by his vocation, in 1877, the young Manuel García Domecq entered the brand new school, thus beginning a long and profitable career. He stood out as a student and graduated as a midshipman with excellent grades that made him the first in his class.

In those years, the Argentine government undertook numerous exploratory expeditions of its territory, then unknown to the authorities themselves and with the need to define its limits with neighboring countries.

The young Domecq García participated in several of these expeditions (including some to Pilcomayo), exploring distant territories and carrying out hydrographic surveys of important river courses such as the Paraná and the Yguazú. These missions led him to become one of the important experts on these issues.

In 1886 he joined the Argentine boundary commission with Brazil under the command of Commander Valentín Virasoro and composed, in addition to the young captain, of the hydrographers Niederlein and Brackhauser, Major Rohde and Lieutenant Montes. This commission worked with its Brazilian counterpart to delimit, by surveying the Pepiry-Guazú and San Antonio rivers, the true demarcation line of the border between Brazil and Argentina.

The undeniable ability of the young Paraguayan, nationalized Argentine, led him to carry out important missions commissioned by his superiors, among them being sent to contract the construction of the frigate Sarmiento, destined to be a training ship for the Argentine Navy.

After studying the various proposals from European shipyards, finally, in 1896, he contracted with the firm Laird Brothers, established in Birkenhead, England. Once the construction of the frigate Sarmiento was completed, Domecq returned to his country, being appointed commander in chief of the Río de la Plata Division.

Domecq García in Japan

By order of the government of General Julio Argentino Roca, Captain Manuel Domecq García was appointed president of the Argentine commission for the construction of the armored cruisers Moreno and Rivadavia at the Gio Ansaldo shipyard in Genova. Despite certain family problems - the death of his eldest daughter - he dedicated himself fully to supervising the construction of these two ships, the most advanced of the time in naval matters, in addition to others already delivered to the Argentine Navy: Garibaldi , San Martín, Belgrano and Pueyrredón.

But the fate of the ships whose construction was supervised by Domecq García was going to be totally different from what was planned. In 1902, Argentina signed a disarmament pact with Chile and the equalization of the naval power of both countries.

The two battleships were completed in 1904 and if they were incorporated into the Argentine fleet, the aforementioned pact would be violated. For this reason, the sale of the ships to the Empire of Japan was processed.

Domecq García, as head of the Naval Mission in Genoa, was in charge of delivering the ships to the Japanese envoys, who renamed the battleships with the names of Kasuga and Nisshin.

The Russo-Japanese War was in full swing and the Japanese Empire had invited the Argentine Government to appoint a Navy officer to attend as an observer of the war. The designation fell to Manuel Domecq García, who traveled from Genoa to the scene of war.



Observer in the Russo-Japanese War

The mission as an observer of the Russo-Japanese War was very beneficial in the career of the sailor, who gained the trust of the Japanese and had the opportunity to tour the facilities of various arsenals, the naval school, the machinists' school, etc., in addition to being on board various warships and attending more than one naval battle, some of them frankly bloody.

After almost two years in Japan, Domecq García returned to Argentina in May 1906.

The Paraguayan Domecq García, Argentine admiral

After an eventful life, knowing the horrors of a war in the middle of his childhood, carrying out exploratory expeditions, carrying out important missions abroad, among other things, on May 19, 1908, at the age of forty-nine, Manuel Tomás Domecq García received the honors of the admiralty when he was promoted to rear admiral, after a long postponement as a ship captain, serving in the Navy in different destinations.

Domecq García, the factor

Already with the palms of the admiralty, his long experience in naval matters determined that on December 17, 1908, President Figueroa Alcorta appointed him president of the naval commission in Europe. This commission had to study the proposals and collect reports from the different shipyards that would build ships to reinforce Argentine naval power.

For this purpose, he traveled again to Europe and the United States, where he commissioned the construction of the two largest warships in the world at that time and which cost the country five million pounds sterling. These two battleships were again baptized with the names Moreno and Rivadavia.

After three years at the head of the naval mission in the United States, Domecq García returned to Argentina, being appointed commander in chief of the Sea Squadron. He commanded the battleship Moreno and, now with the rank of vice admiral, he commanded the Argentine flagship, the battleship Rivadavia.

In 1922, Dr. Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear was elected President of the Republic and appointed the most prestigious sailor of the time as Minister of the Navy: Manuel Domecq García. From his ministerial functions, Domecq García was the factor in the modernization of the neighboring country's Navy, which saw its fleet increase, especially through the acquisition of submarines, which were added to the Argentine fleet, some years later.

Both President Alvear and Admiral Domecq García encouraged the construction of submarines by the Argentine Navy and promoted the equipping of a special shipyard. That shipyard was named after his main mentor: "Minister Manuel Domecq García Shipyard", recently reconditioned and reopened by the government of President Néstor Kirchner.



At the Ministry of the Navy

In his youth, Manuel Domecq García was one of the founders of the Argentine Naval Center. In 1912, he was one of the promoters of the creation of the Aeronautics of the neighboring country and, years later, as Minister of the Navy of the Argentine Republic, Manuel Domecq García was the drafter, among other things, of the project of agreement with the Republic of Uruguay for the determination of the jurisdiction of both countries over the waters that separate them; of the preliminary draft for the formation of the Argentine Overseas Merchant Navy; the remodeling of the port of Quequén and the construction of another in Uruguay Bay; of the project to exploit ferrous and plumb minerals at the Valcheta mine, among other achievements.

Being a minister, and because he met the age limit, with the recognition of the entire institution, he retired from naval activity, after fifty-eight years, four months and fourteen days of continuous service. His management was not only recognized in his country, but also abroad: King George V of England honored him with the decoration of Knight of the British Empire. Retired from public activity, the governments that came later did not hesitate to turn to the old admiral to request his wise advice.

When the war broke out that bloodied our country and Bolivia (1932-1935), Admiral Domecq García, so close to Paraguay by ties of blood and friendship, supported Paraguay's fortunes and was one of the main promoters of Argentine aid to the Paraguay.

Personally, he was the founder of the Paraguayan Red Cross Fraternal Association, which sent uniforms, blankets, food, etc. to the front, and he was a member, as a special advisor, of the Argentine commission that, chaired by the Argentine chancellor, Carlos Saavedra Lamas, finally achieved the peace agreement between the belligerents, signed in Buenos Aires on June 12, 1935.

In the postwar period, Admiral Domecq García continued to demonstrate his friendship towards Paraguay. At the desperate request of General José Félix Estigarribia, prisoner after the overthrow of President Eusebio Ayala, he welcomed the wife and daughter of the Paraguayan hero into his home and took care of mobilizing the authorities of Argentina and Brazil, to the opinion public, without forgetting the big bankers and businessmen, until finally obtaining the freedom of both prisoners.

Argentine Patriotic League

On January 16, 1919, a far-right paramilitary group called itself the Argentine Patriotic League was created in Buenos Aires and Manuel Domecq García was elected as provisional president, a position he held until April of the same year. When the general strike of rural laborers broke out in the province of Santa Cruz in November 1920, an event popularly known as Rebel Patagonia, the League enlisted to stop the strike. The League had an outstanding performance in the conflict that ended in January in 1922, with a death toll of 1,500 workers.

The meetings of this group were held in the rooms of the Military Circle, where Domecq García, together with Rear Admiral Eduardo O'Connor, distributed the weapons that the League used for its raids.

In 1938, Domecq García was one of the promoters of General Estigarribia's candidacy for the presidency of the Republic of Paraguay, telling him, among other things: "...just as in the last war the entire people of Paraguay mobilized to defend it." "You must mobilize in your government, if it arrives as I wish, that same people for work, so that the shovel and the pickaxe, instead of the rifle, are the weapons of progress."

After a long life, on January 11, 1951, at the age of ninety-two, Manuel Domecq García, that boy born in a small Paraguayan town, who knew the horrors of the war in which he lost his parents and whose fate He took to Argentina, a country he served with heroism from the wild missionary forests, the inhospitable Chaco wastelands, who actively contributed to enhancing the naval power of his adopted country, he gave his soul, after becoming deserving of the highest awards and honors. professionals, leaving behind as he died a mortgaged house and a twenty-year-old car, his uniforms, his letters and the admired memory of his Argentine compatriots. It is time for his Paraguayan compatriots to start getting to know him.


Sunday, March 31, 2024

Biography: Commodore (Malvinas War Veteran) Guillermo Dellepiane (Argentina)

Honor Brotherhood

The spectacular adventure of Guillermo Dellepiane, a pilot who attacked the English camp in the Malvinas, dropped bombs on Jeremy Moore and when he escaped he lived a movie odyssey. A man whom the British recognize and the Argentines ignore
Jorge Fernández Díaz



He was twenty-four years old, flying low over the sea, and was about to bomb a destroyer and a missile frigate.

They called him Piano because his name was Guillermo Dellepiane, and he was a second lieutenant in a force that had no heroes or heroes because he had never gone into combat. It was the first mission of his life and he had just taken off from Río Gallegos. His father had died without being able to fulfill his dream of realizing in reality what he had pretended to do throughout his entire career: air warfare.

It must be as disturbing as going into battle to dedicate one's life to an event that will not happen. Warriors of theory and training, many hunters receive, develop and retire without ever having hunted real prey. Piano's father, close to retirement, had died two years ago in an absurd accident, when a wing of the Cóndor building collapsed. Flying towards the target in an A-4B Skyhawk, the son now came to fulfill the desired scene concocted by the ghost of his father.

It was May 12, 1982 and a squadron of eight Argentine planes was advancing in radio silence towards two British ships. The first four were ahead and would shoot first. The four falcons behind, at a safe distance, would have a second chance or would come in to finish them off.

For Piano, it was an initiatory mission, the last lesson of a war professional: war itself. Until then everything had been learning and testing. Ensign is the first rank of officers, and Dellepiane had not even experienced in-flight refueling, a complex operation that in this case consisted of flying close to a Hercules, fitting the A-4B's nose lance into the fuel basket and load tanks to continue the journey. Many failed in this attempt: they became nervous and could not put the spear in. "Look if I can't, it's a shame," he said to himself. He was more worried about that embarrassment than about death. But when he had the Hercules face to face he did not fail, and he quickly joined his boss, a first lieutenant, who ordered them to go down to less than fifteen meters from the waves and advance at full speed. They flew so low that they left trails in the sea.

Evading missiles

With their souls in suspense they heard that, five minutes before reaching the target, the first four planes attacked. There was nothing visible on the horizon, but Piano quickly realized that his companions had not fared very well. Within two minutes they learned that three planes had been hit by anti-aircraft artillery and had been shot down amid mushrooms of fire and booms of water. The fourth plane was returning on its own. The sun made a black day splendid. Very black. Piano suddenly saw the enemy ships. There were actually two of them and they were shooting at them. At that moment he did not think about the country or God, he only watched that fantastic Technicolor movie with a certain disbelief. He saw her as if he were not a part of her. It was a short and amazing show but without noise, because you couldn't hear anything in the cabin. They were fractions of seconds: Piano held his breath, checking the speed and height, and at the exact moment in which he passed over one of the two ships, while receiving and evading shots of all kinds, he pressed the button and released a bomb. of a thousand pounds.

 
From the left, Ensign Vázquez (died in combat), Ensign Dellepiane (today Commodore), Vice Commodore Douburg, Lieutenant Arraráz (died in combat) and Captain Zelaya.
 
From the left, Ensign Dellepiane (now Commodore), Doubourg and Zelaya

The bombs hit the destroyer, tearing horrible, final holes in it. She was out of commission, but Piano learned that much later because at that moment the only thing he could do was get out of the mousetrap quickly, evading missiles and fleeing at full speed. When a squadron fires, the planes disperse and each one returns as best they can. The young ensign felt alone for a few minutes but suddenly he spotted his boss's ship and caught up with her. They could not speak to each other, because the air navigations were silent, but they flew together, like brothers, at a distance of two hundred meters from each other, with hell behind and the continent in front. They had fulfilled and returned with glory; It was a strange and pleasant feeling.

Until suddenly a low projectile emerging from the fog hit an aileron of the first lieutenant's plane. It was a fatal blow at infinite speed that made him flip, hit the surface of the ocean and explode into a thousand pieces. All in the blink of an eye. Piano saw it without believing it but without stopping to press the accelerator. He descended even further and practically plowed the sea with a metallic taste in his mouth. He was emotionally dependent on his boss. He had let his guard down for a moment, thinking "he's going to take me home," but now he was alone and desperate. Now he depended solely on his own expertise, or his luck.

He flew for a while that way, fleeing from the devil, and then, when he was sure that they were not following him, he notified the Hercules C-130, which the hunters call "La Chancha", and began the ascent. "La Chancha" placed the basket and without losing his pulse the young ensign pushed the lance and reloaded fuel. Then he flew the last leg almost blind: the sea had formed a thick layer of salt on the plane's windshield.

The salt air of desolation clouded Piano's eyes. The hardest thing was to enter the room of a dead comrade, gather his clothes, pack his suitcase and leave it in the lobby of the hotel where his squad was staying the night. That ritual awaited him in Río Gallegos at the end of that day in which he had finally had his baptism of fire in the South Atlantic. The gods, as the old Greek saying said, punish men by fulfilling their dreams.

In the following years he would only remember that first mission. And the last one. In the middle there were only reconnaissance flights, raids in the Fitz Roy area, terrible nerves and more falls and duels. Also the spirit of the mechanics, who always said goodbye to the fighter pilots with flags and cheers, and the return from the base to the hotel that, with success or without success, with or without deaths, they did in a jeep or a truck. Ford F100 singing songs against the English.

They had, of course, no idea how the war was going. And when they were transferred to San Julián they suffered a certain sadness: they occupied an inn and walked around that small city in a state of total alert.

They were not very superstitious, but they had cabals and in fact they did not take photos of each other because they instinctively believed that eternalizing themselves in those images meant a direct passage to misfortune.

They thought nothing, however, of that mission on the 13th: it was cloudy and cold, and Piano and his companions were ordered to leave for the islands. They said that the English had landed and that they were fighting hand to hand on land. The A-4Bs carried bombs, rockets and cannons. Piano was, as always, anxious. Although that anxiety usually ended when they tied him up in the cabin and had to go out into the ring. The nerves then disappeared, like the bullfighter who feels a knot in his stomach until he goes down to the arena and faces the bull with his cape.

But takeoff was not so easy. Some hydraulic fluid pipes broke and a twin plane had to be searched 1,500 meters away. The ensign was desperate that his squadron would leave without him, so he got into the other A-4B and began taxiing without loading the Omega system, which allowed for precise coordination and flight. Piano did not want to stay in San Julián, and since his people had already left, he called the leader of the second squadron and asked permission to join his group. They gave him the go-ahead and he took off without having the plane properly configured. He ascended and searched the clouds for direction, and in a moment found the Hercules, which was carrying twelve men and had orders not to enter the battle zone or remain within range of enemy missiles for any reason.

He refueled and followed his guide through the north of the Falkland Islands, then headed east at low altitude and towards the south under showers. And he was surprised to hear the islands' radar operator ask if there were planes in flight. The head of the formation responded with a request, to provide them with the positions of the Sea Harrier patrols.

When the verbal report arrived, the Argentine pilots felt a chill. There were four patrols in the air and a fifth north of the San Carlos Strait. The sky was infested with English planes. It was a death trap, and logic dictated returning immediately to the mainland.

But they were already five minutes from the objective and the day had cleared, and then the guide made the decision to continue. Later they would discover that they were attacking a huge bivouac set up by the English in Monte Dos Hermanas. More than two blocks with tents, containers and helicopters, a camp from where General Jeremy Moore directed the war.

Everything happened within minutes. The A-4Bs were traveling at eight hundred kilometers per hour and twenty meters apart. The pilots feared that a missile frigate would cut them off before reaching the target. They did not carry weapons to attack a ship; the bombs had fuzes for ground targets. Due to the large mobilization of helicopters in that area, the generals of Puerto Argentino had surmised that the very center of British operations could be there. And they were not wrong.

The flight charts said that the attack should be made at 12:15. And there were two minutes left. The hunters passed over San Luis Bay and the Malvinas radar operator warned them that the Harriers had detected them and were already converging on them. With one minute and twenty seconds left, the squad almost upset an English soldier who was climbing a hill. Now the planes, in the final run, flew close to the ground. Beyond the rise the camp appeared. And Jeremy Moore evacuated his tent a minute before the shells fell on him.

Dellepiane launched his three 250-kilo bombs, causing destruction, and realized that they were throwing everything they had at them. From missiles and anti-aircraft artillery to hand weapons. It was a fireworks festival. And almost all the pilots detached themselves from the reserve tanks and missile carriers and made a curve to return through the North, each one left to his intelligence.

Piano flew doing evasion and acrobatic maneuvers, and felt impacts to the fuselage. It was again an incredible and terrifying sight. At the height of Mount Kent he encountered a Sea King helicopter in mid-flight and shot it. Two projectiles came out and the barrel jammed, but a bullet hit the blades and forced the English pilot to make an emergency landing.

Immediately, on the left, he saw two fireballs passing by that were going directly towards his lieutenant's plane, so he shouted into the radio "Close to the right" and continued turning until he saw that the missiles were passing by and were lost. Later he ran into another Sea King and tried to shoot it again, but it was also in vain: the barrel would not unlock. So at the last moment he raised the Skyhawk and passed within centimeters of the helicopter's blades to prevent the pilot in the green helmet from killing him with his trigger.

It was more or less at that moment that he realized that something unexpected was happening: he was running out of fuel. A shell had pierced his tank, and he was only 2,000 pounds. He needed more than twice as much to reach the position of "La Chancha." But he was not thinking at that crucial moment about getting anywhere but about escaping the harassment of the Harriers. He then detached himself from the missile carriers and continued flying for a distance asking the Malvinas radar to tell him, without technicalities and with precision, where his executioners were. The Harriers were flying at a considerable distance, so already over the north of the San Carlos Strait he doubted whether he should eject on the island or try to reach the Hercules. His teachers, in theory lessons, had always recommended that in a similar situation he try to return. Ejecting meant missing the plane and being taken prisoner. Crossing meant facing the risk of not making it and ending up in the sea. If he fell he could not survive more than fifteen minutes in the icy waters, and there was no operational chance that any ship could rescue him in time.

His companions, on the radio, tried to give him advice and get him out of the dilemma. But his boss thundered: "Let Piano decide." And then Piano decided. He went out to sea, put himself on the Hercules' frequency and began talking to the pilot who commanded it. That day, two men ignored the orders of the high command: the pilot of "La Chancha" left his protective position, entered the danger zone and advanced at full speed to meet Piano's A-4B, and An officer from San Julián had an outburst, got on a helicopter and went two hundred miles into the sea to look for him, a completely irregular and risky flight that did not help but showed the suicidal courage of the pilot and the desperation with which he continued in earth the fate of that fuel-injured hunter who was trying to return home.

The ensign heard "Let's go look for you" and tried to remain optimistic, but the liquidometer kept telling him that he would not make it out of that last trip alive. "How far away are they?" he asked every three minutes. "How far away are they?" The radio was filled with voices: "Go ahead, asshole, with faith, with faith you will arrive." The ensign was calculating the amount of fuel, which was dramatically extinguished, and predicted that it would collapse. And his listeners redoubled their cries of encouragement: "Calm down, kid, that's enough for you!" He knew they were lying to him. When he reached 200 pounds he gave up. At any moment the engine would stall and go directly into the sea. Fish food. When he reached 150 pounds he remembered that it was equivalent, more or less, to two minutes of flying. "Don't abandon me!" -He cursed at them, because there was silence on the line-. Suddenly the pilot of the Hercules C-130 thought he saw him, but he was a companion. Piano went from euphoria to depression in fifteen seconds.

He did not pray in those instances, only flashes of memory of his father came to him. The ghost was inside that cabin, stuck in his headphones. "Give me a hand, old man," he asked him gutturally, with his vocal cords and with the ventricles of his heart.

The liquidometer then read zero, and suddenly Piano heard that he had been spotted and finally saw "La Chancha." He saw her crossing the sky, to the right and far below. He asked the pilot to get into position and dived without forcing the engines, gliding towards the rescue basket. When he had it in front of him he gave it maximum power with a drop of fuel in the tank and when he got within range he pressed the flight brake and inserted the spear. Everyone thundered with joy on the radio and hugged each other on the ground. Piano was also shouting, but he wanted to resupply quickly, regain control and return to San Julián at his own expense. They soon discovered that this was not possible. All the fuel that entered went into the tank and fell through the hole. "Stay hooked," the Hercules pilot told him. They had no alternative. They flew coupled the rest of the way, losing fuel and risking an explosion or not arriving in time.

It was another dramatic race until they saw the gulf and then the base. Then the A-4B broke away and, dripping with lethal liquid, searched for the runway. Piano tried to lower the landing gear but the nose wheel resisted. There was all the personnel from the San Julián base waiting, and he was running around, leaving trails of jet fuel and trying to get that damn wheel to come down. He finally came down, and the ensign landed, untied himself quickly, took off his helmet, jumped onto the asphalt and ran away from the enormous lake of fuel that was forming at the feet of the A-4B.

Medal for valor

There was partying until late and unbridled happiness in San Julián. Since Piano considered himself alive by a miracle, he had many drinks and they had to accompany him to his room: he fell asleep with a smile and woke up very late. It was June 14, 1982 and his colleagues informed him that Argentina had surrendered.

Thanks to a providential license, two days later he was already in Buenos Aires. The city remained mired in anger and depression. And also in indifference. Anyone who crossed paths with Piano approached him cautiously and after a while asked him to tell everything he had experienced. But Piano didn't feel like saying anything. For years he dreamed of those deadly pirouettes, those low flights, those deaths: persistent insomnia and frightening specters that pursued him like merciless Sea Harriers.

They gave him the Medal for Valor in Combat, and he remained in the Air Force, pursuing a quiet career with an impeccable record and a lot of professional training. Two years ago he was sent as an aeronautical attaché to London. The English received him as a great warrior. In the same tradition of Wellington and Napoleon, European armies still practice honor for their ancient and respectable enemies.

The pierced blades of the Sea King that Piano had shot down at Mount Kent are in the Royal Navy Museum, and the helicopter pilot who was driving that day is alive but retired. Piano got his phone and chatted affectionately with him. "I'm glad I didn't kill him," he said to himself.

The English veterans who fought in the South Atlantic have enormous respect for the Argentine aviators. And they are nostalgic for those times: "It was the last conventional war," they say. "Some against each other over a specific territory. Today everything is done at a distance, in terrains without defined borders and for blurred causes, with atomized terrorism and combatants." eternal religious. With those enemies in the end we cannot get together to have a beer."

That ensign, turned commodore, was invited one afternoon to present an award at the RAF aviation school. At night, the newly received war pilots and their officers dined in a majestic hall with very long tables. Piano occupied a privileged place, and the school director asked for silence and spoke about the Argentine pilot. She knew his war resume by heart and in his speech he showed his pride in having that night a man who had truly fought against them.

Last Thursday Guillermo Dellepiane took over as director of the Air War School in Buenos Aires. He occupies an office in the Cóndor Building, where his father died. Piano is now a short, chubby fifty-year-old. His hair fell out, he is extremely cordial and has modern thinking, and of course no one recognizes him on the street. Nobody knows that he is part of the brotherhood of honor, and that he is an indelible hero of a cursed war.

© LA NACION

Friday, February 2, 2024

Argentine Navy: Navy Colonel Juan Bautista Thorne

Navy Colonel Juan Bautista THORNE



The Thornes had ancient recorded origins in Europe and North America. One of the Thornes was among the first to settle on American soil; Enrique, the father of Juan Bautista, a naval engineer by profession as a ship captain, fought for the independence of the United States. Juan Bautista, son of Margarita Brayer and Enrique, was born on March 8, 1807.

He enlisted in the Argentine Navy that, under the command of Brown, was preparing Rivadavia to defeat the power of the Brazilian empire in the waters of the Plata. Discharged from the squadron on June 1, 1826, he went on to review with the rank of Midshipman and pilot on the warship Congreso, placed under the command of Fournier, whom the Brazilian newspapers called "Exterminator Ray." Shortly afterwards, at the beginning of 1827, he was assigned to the brig Chacabuco, which under the command of Santiago J. Bynnon, later second commander of the Argentine fleet, came from Chile to join the original fleet and was later to fight the heroic defense of Patagones.

That March 7, 1827, in front of the river bar that the enemy ships had tried to cross and the coastal battery that Admiral Pinto Guedes had ordered to be destroyed, a glorious action would be fought for Argentine naval weapons. Commander Bynnon, with the Chacabuco and the ships of his squadron, at dusk set out to board the Brazilian ships; He took the Escudeiro, fell on the Constança, and the brave Thorne jumped first onto the deck of the Itaparica to triumphantly raise the Argentine flag. The action earned him command of the brig Patagones, armed with two cannons and an 18-gun revolving wheel, which on December 23, 1827 engaged in combat with the sixteen-gun Brazilian brig Pedro II and was surrendered, while Thorne was wounded. shrapnel was taken prisoner and taken to the capital of the empire, from where he returned when peace was made with Brazil in 1828.

Returning to service, he joined the brig Balcarce, which at the beginning of the war had been Brown's flagship. While there, he received the rank of captain on February 23, 1830, and then obtained several assignments: in February 1831, He was transferred to the schooner Martín García, in September 1832 he reached command of the brig Republicano with which he carried out the Entre Ríos campaign, upon whose return he was promoted to Sergeant Major. In the schooner Margarita he undertook the campaign to the Colorado River in 1833, and in order to assist in the expedition of Don Juan Manuel de Rosas, he explored said river in the schooner Sofía. The following year he was part of the exploration cruises to the southern regions, and alternately commanded the schooner brig San Martín, the brig Republicano and the lugger Patriota.

Designated Commander of the Sarandí, he was entrusted with the mission of assisting the defense of Martín García Island, a task he completed to be transferred to command of the land artillery of said island, where on October 12, 1838, with a hundred braves Gauchos led by Gerónimo Costa sold their lives dearly in the single combat they fought against the blocking French squad. Thorne fought heroically and remembering the episode many years later he used to say:
"My grave should be Martín García, because there I fought defenseless and
even with anger when seeing my helplessness..."

Difficult days ensued. The fight between federalists and unitarians became bitter and persistent. Thorne, a foreigner, was unable to discern any slogans in his chosen homeland other than subordination and discipline. Destined to land service, he carried out the Entre Ríos campaign with Echagüe in 1839. He was in many combats, received numerous wounds, and in old age he could locate under the skin, in different parts of the body, the leads of the bullets received. When on April 15, 1841, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, he returned to place himself under the orders of Admiral Brown, he had to note in his service record that he had attended the war actions of Cagancha, Pago Largo, Don Cristóbal, Caaguazú , Yerúa, Sauce Grande and Punta Diamante.


Appointed commander of the brig General Belgrano in June 1842, he accompanied Brown in the campaign against Garibaldi; The Admiral continued going up the Paraná with the purpose of defeating the enemy, while Thorne had the mission of guarding the entry of reinforcements through the Plata, for which he had the second division of the fleet, made up of the 25 de Mayo and the General San Martín.

Assigned to the river defense service, on August 17, 1845 he was appointed commander of one of the three batteries located in the Vuelta de Obligado, in which position, a few months later, on November 20 of the same year he maintained with high courage and a tough fight against the blocking squad would be bizarre. The action having begun in the middle of the morning, Thorne's guns grumbled until late in the afternoon, and only ceased when the bullets had run out.

The brave opponent of the Anglo-French squadron obtained, perhaps in recognition of his previous services, the designation of Commander in Chief of the coasts of Paraná. From this position he directed the fortification of the Quebracho coast and fought some skirmishes against the blockading squad, in one of which he was wounded in the shoulder. Commander of the schooner Pontón in 1849, Caseros found him on February 3, 1852, commanding the boat Julio from which he descended to soon begin the path of political banning.

Erased from the military list he was forced to earn a living. Sea dog, as captain of a low-freight merchant ship, made many trips to India and worked in various tasks as a naval expert, until calmer spirits, the just and patriotic law of September 24, 1868, ended in general with the material sufferings and the moral agony of the brave combatants of the independence campaigns and the war against the empire of Brazil. The state remembered the helpless octogenarians who had founded the Republic and reparations were made.

Retired with the rank of colonel to the peace of the home, which he had formed by marrying María Abad. Thorne's existence came to an end at the age of seventy-eight, he suddenly fell ill and left life in his house in Tucumán Street, on August 1, 1885. His mortal remains were buried in the Dissidents cemetery. Twenty-two years later, in March 1907, on the centenary of his birth, a popular tribute commission honored him, and Dr. Pedro J. Coronado recalled his memory to say, among other things: "A century has passed since he was born on earth. "our hero misses, and his figure grows out of the cloud of passions and partisan mirage. Thorne chose his country and his destiny." The newspaper La Nación also expressed: "History owes him an illuminated page of heroism. Today, he belongs without hesitation to immortality."

Argentine Navy (c)

Tuesday, December 26, 2023

Argentine Army: General Antonio Donovan

Gral. Antonio Donovan






Antonio Dónovan (b. Buenos Aires, April 26, 1849 – † Federal, province of Entre Ríos, August 14, 1897), Argentine soldier who participated in the Paraguayan War, in the last Argentine civil wars and in the campaigns prior to the Conquest of the Desert. He was also governor of the National Territory of Chaco.


Beginnings and the Triple Alliance War
Son of Dr. Cornelius Donovan Crowley and Mary Atkins Brown, in 1863 – after the death of his father – he enrolled in the 2nd Infantry Battalion without authorization from his mother, for which he was discharged by direct order of the Minister of War and Navy, General Gelly and Obes. Shortly after, he managed to obtain maternal authorization and joined the Light Artillery Regiment in July 1864, and was assigned to Martín García Island.
After the Paraguayan invasion of Corrientes he participated in the short-lived reconquest of that city by the forces of General Wenceslao Paunero. Under his command he participated in the battle of Yatay, on August 17, 1865. He also participated in the siege of Uruguayana.
In April of the following year he participated in the capture of the Itapirú Fortress, and in the battles of Estero Bellaco, Tuyutí, Yatayty Corá, Boquerón, Sauce and Curupaytí. On October 31 he was discharged from the Argentine Army, with no reference to the cause left.
He rejoined the Army in June of the following year, in the Line Infantry Battalion No. 2, with the rank of captain. He participated in the campaign in which national forces faced and defeated General Nicanor Cáceres, defender of the legal government of that province. In 1869, his regiment went to Córdoba.
He returned to the Paraguayan front the following May, assigned to various destinations, but did not manage to fight. He returned to Buenos Aires at the end of that year.


López Jordán Rebellion
When Ricardo López Jordán's rebellion broke out in the province of Entre Ríos, he accompanied Colonel Luis María Campos as an assistant, without having communicated that decision to his regiment, which discharged him from it. However, under Campos' orders he participated in the battle of Santa Rosa and other minor combats.
In May 1871, having recently arrived in the province of Buenos Aires, he fought against the indigenous people in the Tapalqué area. Later he passed to Martín García.
In June 1873 he was assigned to Paraná, participating in the fight against López Jordán's second rebellion. In the battle of Don Gonzalo, on December 9 of that year, the infantry under the command of Major Dónovan had a decisive performance in pushing back the federals.
In February of the following year he became assistant to the Minister of War, Martín de Gainza. Under the orders of Colonel Julio Campos he participated in the campaign against the revolutionaries in 1874.
During those years he bought a field in the northern part of the province of Entre Ríos, where the town of Federal would be founded.


Dessert Campaigns and Porteño Rebellion
In February 1875 he went to Gualeguaychú, in Entre Ríos, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. In January of the following year, transferred again to Buenos Aires, he participated in the advance of the borders ordered by Minister Adolfo Alsina, participating in the occupation of the strategic point of Carhué, later moving to the garrisons of Puán, Azul and Olavarría. In this last place he led the national troops in a battle against the indigenous chiefs Namuncurá and Juan José Catriel, on August 6, 1876, recovering some 50,000 head of cattle.
He was promoted to the rank of colonel in June 1877. He participated in several more battles against the indigenous people in the following years, and in the advanced expeditions that prepared the Conquest of the Desert in 1879, in which he did not participate due to having been incorporated into the Military College and occupy the garrison of the city of Zárate.
He participated in the repression of the Buenos Aires revolution of 1880, commanding the Infantry Regiment No. 8 in the battles of Puente Alsina and Corrales.

The 1st Infantry Regiment and the Chaco 
In February 1883 he was appointed Chief of the Infantry Regiment No. 1. Two years earlier he had been one of the founders of the Military Circle.
In August 1886 he was promoted to the rank of general, and provisionally placed in command of the 1st Army Division; He was later director of the Artillery Park, Chief of Staff of the forces stationed in Chaco, based in Resistencia. Between 1897 and 1891 he was governor of the National Territory of Chaco, and until the end of 1895 he continued to be the commander of all the military troops of Chaco, later retiring.
He died while he was in Federal on August 14, 1897.
Married to Cándida Rosa Blanco, they had 12 children. His grandson Carlos Alberto Dónovan y Salduna died in an accident, and in his memory the March of Lieutenant Dónovan, used by the Argentine cavalry, was composed.

References 

↑ Military march Teniente Dónovan 

Sources

[1] Revisionistas.com biography
Planell Zanone, Oscar J. y Turone, Oscar A., Patricios de Vuelta de Obligado. 
Yaben, Jacinto R., Biografías Argentinas y Sudamericanas, Bs. As., 1938. 

Wikipedia